Modern Stochastics: Theory and Applications

Shafer and Vovk introduce in their book [8] the notion of instant enforcement and instantly blockable properties. However, they do not associate these notions with any outer measure, unlike what Vovk did in the case of sets of “typical” price paths. In this paper an outer measure on the space $[0,+\infty )\times \Omega $ is introduced, which assigns zero value exactly to those sets (properties) of pairs of time t and an elementary event ω which are instantly blockable. Next, for a slightly modified measure, Itô’s isometry and BDG inequalities are proved, and then they are used to define an Itô-type integral. Additionally, few properties are proved for the quadratic variation of model-free continuous martingales, which hold with instant enforcement.